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Subject (documents)
In library and information science documents (such as books, articles and pictures) are classified and searched by subject - as well as by other attributes such as author, genre and document type. This makes "subject" a fundamental term in this field. Library and information specialists assign subject labels to documents to make them findable. There are many ways to do this and in general there is not always consensus about which subject should be assigned to a given document.〔This is, for example, measured by so-called inter-indexer consistency studies. See: Saracevic, T. (2008). Effects of inconsistent relevance judgments on information retrieval test results: A historical perspective. Library Trends, 56(4), 763-783. http://comminfo.rutgers.edu/~tefko/LibraryTrends2008.pdf〕 To optimize subject indexing and searching, we need to have a deeper understanding of what a subject is. The question: "what is to be understood by the statement 'document A belongs to subject category X'?" has been debated in the field for more than 100 years (cf., below).
==Definition==
Hjørland (1992, p. 185) defined subjects as the epistemological potentials of documents.
This definition is in line with the request oriented understanding of indexing quoted below. The idea is that a document is assigned a subject to ease retrieval and findability. And the criteria for what should be found - what constitutes knowledge - is in the end an epistemological question.〔Hjørland, Birger (1992). The Concept of "Subject" in Information Science. Journal of Documentation, 48(2), 172-200. http://www.iva.dk/bh/core%20concepts%20in%20lis/1992JDOC_Subject.PDF〕
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